(a) Explain scale and sludge formation in boilers. ..... 10
Explanation
Scale and sludge formation in boilers are significant problems that can lead to a reduction in boiler efficiency and an increase in maintenance costs. Scale formation occurs due to the deposition of salts on the boiler surfaces, while sludge formation occurs due to the deposition of suspended solids and other impurities in the boiler water. Both problems can be prevented or minimized through proper boiler water treatment and maintenance.
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